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Offering a high-accuracy 4 1/2-digit display of true RMS voltage for five ranges, this Digital Panel Meter (DPM) is intended for AC applications where there is considerable waveform distortion from nonlinear loading.  See, for example, the following applications:

	Using 2000 Meters to Instrument an AC Line
	Using 2000 Meters to Synchronize Motor Generators

The 2168's input is AC-coupled to read only the AC component, such as ripple on a power supply.

The model-numbering system is given in the Specifications table, below.

The meter uses precision circuitry to compute the root-mean-square value of complex waveforms from 10 Hz to 10 kHz.  Spikes of up to 2.4 times the maximum of each input range are accurately measured.  This provides a crest factor (V_p/V_rms) of 240 for a signal amplitude of 1% of full scale, decreasing to 2.4 at 100% of full scale.

High common-mode rejection allows stable readings with current shunts located on the high side of the line.  Digital scaling and calibration eliminate zero and span drift associated with potentiometers in non-microcomputer based meters.

While observing the same high-speed A/D conversion rate as all other 2000 Series DPM's, the Model 2168's settling time and control response to a step change in AC amplitude are limited by the RMS converter circuit to approximately 1 second.

Typical 2168 accuracy is 99.9% of full scale (decreasing to 99.8% for low frequency at high amplitude, or high frequency at low amplitude.  The following graph shows maximum full-scale error as a function of frequency and signal amplitude.  Error is 0.1% of full scale over all frequency ranges of interest to AC power measurement.  Error increases to 0.2% at low frequency and high amplitude, or at high frequency and low amplitude.  Increasing in inverse proportion to signal amplitude, the maximum crest factor is 2.4x.

All voltage ranges are calibrated at the factory, with calibration factors for each range stored in internal EEPROM.  This allows ranges to be changed in the field without having to recalibrate the meter.

As with all 2000 Series DPM’s, the peak value of the input signal is automatically captured and may be displayed via front-panel push button or a control signal received at the rear connector (since the last meter reset).  Data readings and outputs can be separately selected to be either filtered or unfiltered.  See Digital Panel Meters (DPM’s) for a full description of these and other standard DPM features.

2000 Series options applying to the RMS voltage meter include

	Isolated Relay Outputs
	Isolated Analog Output
	RS232 or RS485 Interface
	BCD Digital Interface
	Low AC/DC Power

AC (RMS) Voltage Meter Specifications  [Top ] (Click here for 2000 Series General Specifications)
Model Number	AC Voltage Range*	Resolution	Input Ohms	Error (typical, at 25°C,  for all ranges)
2168-002	200.00 mV	10 μV	22 MΩ	0.1% of full scale ± 10 counts, 10 Hz to 10 kHz
2168-2	2.0000 V	100 μV	22 MΩ
2168-20	20.000 V	1 mV	1 MΩ
2168-200	200.00 V	10 mV	1 MΩ
2168-660	660.0 V	100 mV	1 MΩ
All AC Voltage Models
Span Temperature Coefficient		±0.005% of reading/°C
Zero Temperature Coefficient		0.1 count/°C
Crest Factor		2.4x at 100% of full scale
RMS-to-DC Conversion Settling Time		1 second
Normal-Mode Rejection at 50/60 Hz		90 dB with minimum digital filtering
Common-Mode Rejection from DC to 60 Hz		130 dB
* 1% to 100% of full scale